У нас: 141825 рефератів
Щойно додані Реферати
Тор 100
Скористайтеся пошуком, наприклад
Реферат
Грубий пошук
Точний пошук
Вхід в абонемент
Курсова робота
Дипломна робота
Магістерська робота
Реферат
Контрольні роботи
Реферат
-
Спроби модернізації двадцятих років ХІХ століття і причини повернення до реакції.
16
25@E>2=>W !5=0BC, G;5=8 O:>3> ?@87=0G0;8AO F0@5<, V =86=L>W ?0;0B8 45?CB0BV2, G;5=8 O:>W 1C;8 1 281>@=8<8.@8=F8?>2>N 2V4<V==VABN FL>3> :>=AB8BCFV9=>3> ?;0=C 2V4 @5HB8 :>=AB8BCFV9=8E ?@>5:BV2 ?5@H>W G5B25@BV %% AB>;VBBO 1C2 ?@8=F8? D545@0B82=>3> CAB@>N 45@6028. 3V4=> 7 >@>B:8< 28:;045==O< >A=>2 >AVO ?>28==0 1C;0 4V;8B8AL =0 10 =0<VA=8FB2, 2>=8 2 A2>N G5@3C =0 10 3C15@=V9, 3C15@=VW =0 CT748, CT748 =0 >:@C38. :>6=><C =0<VA=8FB2V ?>28==V 1C;8 CB2>@N20B8AL A2>W A59<8, O:V <0;8 ?@02> >13>2>@N20B8 2AV ?@>1;5<8, O:V 1C;8 ?>2 O70=V 7 ?>B@510<8 ?52=>3> =0<VA=8FB20. VAF52V A59<8 B0:>6 ?5@5410G0;>AO 7@>18B8 42>?0;0B=8<8. 5@E=L>N ?0;0B>N =0<VA=8FL:>3> A59<C ?>28=5= 1C2 AB0B8 >48= 7 45?0@B0<5=BV2 @5>@30=V7>20=>3> !5=0BC, 0 =86=O ?>28==0 1C;0 D>@<C20B8AO 7 G8A;0 >1@0=8E 45?CB0BV2.)>4> AC4>G8=AB20, B> 2 >@>B:><C 28:;045==V 1C2 70DV:A>20=89 206;8289 >@30=V70FV9=89 ?@8=F8? =570;56=>ABV AC4C: ?@>3>;>HC20;>AO ?@> =5CAC=5=VABL AC44V2. :>6=><C =0<VA=8FB2V ?>28=5= 1C2 CB2>@8B8AO 0?5;OFV9=89 AC4, 0 2 >4=V9 7 42>E AB>;8FL ?5@5410G0;>AO CB2>@8B8 25@E>2=89 AC4 4;O 2AVTW V<?5@VW .!?5FV0;L=0 G0AB8=0 >@>B:>3> 28:;045==O 1C;0 ?@8A2OG5=0 =>2V9 >@30=V70FVW C?@02;V==O :@0W=>N. 8I8< 04<V=VAB@0B82=8< >@30=>< 287=020;0AO 5@602=0 @040, 70240==O< O:>W 1C;> >13>2>@5==O 2AVE ?@>1;5<, O:V 2V4=>A8;8AO 4> C?@02;V==O V<?5@VTN 2. FV;><C, 28I5>?8A0=89 4>:C<5=B ?@54AB02;O2 A>1>N B8?>289 7@07>: 1C@6C07=>3> 70:>=>402AB20. =L><C 7=09H;8 A2>T 2V4>1@065==O ACBBT2V @8A8 1C@6C07=>3> 45@602=>3> CAB@>N: @>7?>4V; 2;048 =0 70:>=>402GC, 28:>=02GC V AC4>2C, =570;56=VABL >4=VTW 2;048 2V4 V=H>W, @V2=VABL 2AVE 3@><04O= ?5@54 70:>=>< V, =0@5HBV, =0@>4=5 ?@54AB02=8FB2>. ;5 ?>@CG 7 F8<, 715@565==O >A>18AB>ABV <>=0@E0, O: >4=VTW 7 206;82VH8E A:;04>28E G0AB8= 45@602=>3> CAB@>N, =040==O 9><C <>6;82>ABV 74V9A=N20B8 157?>A5@54=V9 2?;82 =0 1C@6C07=89 ?@02>?>@O4>: 2A5 F5 2:07CT =0 715@565==O 2 FL><C 4>:C<5=BV A8;L=8E D5>40;L=8E ?5@568B:V21./: =5 =0<030;8AO B@8<0B8 @>1>BC =04 :>=AB8BCFVTN C B0T<=8FV, A2V4G5==O ?@> =5W ?@>A<>:B0;8AO 2 T2@>?59AL:C ?@5AC. 21 ;8AB>?040 1819 @>:C 2 ?0@87L:V9 3075BV 5=60<5=0 >=AB0=0 7 O28;0AO 70O20 ?@> A:>@5 22545==O :>=AB8BCFVW 2 >AVW. =0 >A=>2V ;8AB0 7 0@H028 :>@>B:> ?>2V4><;O2AO WW 7<VAB. &5 28:;8:0;> 0:B82=5 =0<030==O ?@CAAL:>3> V 02AB@V9AL:>3> C@O4V2 C7=0B8 ?@> @>1>BC =04 @>AV9AL:>N :>=AB8BCFVTN. @54AB02=8:8 F8E :@0W= 7=09H;8 4>ABC? 4> 4>:C<5=B0 V :>?VW 2V4?@028;8 2 5@;V=. VA;O FL>3> =VO:0 V=D>@<0FVO ?@> @>AV9AL:C :>=AB8BCFVN =V G5@57 ?@5AC, =V ?> 48?;><0B8G=8< :0=0;0< =0 70EV4 1V;LH5 =5 ?@>=8:;0. VG>3> =5 7=0;0 ?@> ?>40;LH89 EV4 A?@02 V >AVO2.>25@=C2H8AL V7 0@H028, V<?5@0B>@ 7@>182 ?5@H89 :@>: =0 H;OEC ?@0:B8G=>3> 74V9A=5==O 70B25@465=8E =8< ?@8=F8?V2 :>=AB8BCFV9=>W @5D>@<8. ;8AB>?04V 1819 @>:C . . 0;0H>2 1C2 ?@87=0G5=89 35=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@>< "C;LAL:>W, @;>2AL:>W, >@>=57L:>W, "0<1>2AL:>W V O70=AL:>W 3C15@=V9. #B2>@5==O FL>3> 35=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@AB20 AB>WBL C ?@O<V9 70;56=>ABV 7 :>=AB8BCFV9=8<8 ?;0=0<8 ;5:A0=4@0 , 0;5 F59 72 O7>: 7@>7C<V;8 ;8H5 =091V;LH ?@>V=D>@<>20=V ?>;VB8G=V 4VOGV. 1829 @>FV . . 818G, O:89 7<V=82 . . >;:>=AL:>3> =0 ?>A04V =0G0;L=8:0 3>;>2=>3> HB01C, @>7?>2V2 . 8E09;>2AL:><C-0=V;52AL:><C: <?5@0B>@ ;5:A0=4@ ?@03=C2, 7024O:8 CB2>@5==O 35=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@AB2, 225AB8 :>=AB8BCFV9=5 C?@02;V==O, ?>G8=0NG8 7 B>3>, I>1 7 :>6=>3> 35=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@0 2 >AVW 7=0E>48;>AO ?> 45:V;L:0 45?CB0BV2, 0;5 =0<030==O F5 =5 1C;> 74V9A=5=> . V4<>2C V<?5@0B>@0 2V4 :>=AB8BCFVW 818G ?>OA=N202 B8<, I> ?5@H89 281V@ 35=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@V2 1C2 =5240;89, I> C 0@H02V =0@>4=V ?@54AB02=8:8 4>72>;O;8 A>1V 701030B> 2V;L<>ABV. I> 2 F59 G0A 281CE=C;8 @52>;NFVW 2 @5FVW, B0;VW, 50?>;V, T<>=BV 1.VA;O 2V4 W74C F0@O 7 0@H028 2>A5=8 1819 @>:C, B0< ?>28==0 1C;0 @>725@=CB8AO V=B5=A82=0 @>1>B0 =04 ?@>5:B>< @>AV9AL:>W :>=AB8BCFVW. V4ACB=VABL 465@5;, =060;L, =5 4>72>;OT 2V4=>28B8 WW 2 ?>2=><C >1AO7V. ;5 2V4><>, I> 25AB8 FN @>1>BC ?@89H;>AO 265 V=H8< 4VOG0<. >;>2=89 ?><VG=8: >2>A8;LF520 =0 ?>?5@54=L><C 5B0?V A?@028 . . 5H0@-5H0= ?><5@, B><C 9><C =0 7<V=C ?@89H>2 . . O75<AL:89. 65 2 AVG=V 1820 @>:C >A=>2=V :>=BC@8 @>AV9AL:>W :>=AB8BCFVW >AB0B>G=> 287=0G8;8AO. 2 B@02=V 1820 @>:C WW ?@>5:B 1C2 3>B>289 V 2V4VA;0=89 4> V<?5@0B>@02.>=AB8BCFVO 1C;0 A:;045=0 C 42>E 5:75<?;O@0E =0 D@0=FC7L:V9 V @>AV9AL:V9 <>20E. 1842V :>?VW 1C;8 7=0945=V ?V4 G0A ?>;LAL:>3> ?>2AB0==O 1830-1831 @>:V2 A5@54 ?0?5@V2 >2>A8;LF520. 091V;LH B>G=8< ?5@5:;04>< 7 D@0=FC7L:>W <>28 FL>3> 4>:C<5=BC F5 =0720 >=AB8BCFV9=0 E0@BVO >AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW , 0;5 2 @>AV9AL:><C 20@V0=BV 703>;>2>: 283;O402 V=0:H5: 5@602=0 CAB02=0 3@0<>B0 >AV9AL:>W V<?5@VW . &N >1AB028=C <>6=0 ?>OA=8B8 ;8H5 ?>1>N20==O< ;5:A0=4@0 70=04B> 2V425@B> 45:;0@C20B8 B>G=C =072C 4>:>@V==>W 7<V=8 >A=>2 @>AV9AL:>3> 45@602=>3> 68BBO. 06;828< T V B5, I> 2 A0<><C B5:ABV #AB02=>W 3@0<>B8 A;>2> :>=AB8BCFVO =5 1C;> 28:>@8AB0=>, E>G0 70?@>20465==V 2 68BBO ?>;>65==O FL>3> 4>:C<5=BC ?5@5B2>@8;> 1 >AVN 2 :>=AB8BCFV9=C <>=0@EVN. A5 F5 28BV:0T 7 0=0;V7C >A=>2=8E ?>;>65=L #AB02=>W 3@0<>B8 . 5@H 70 2A5, =5>1EV4=> 707=0G8B8, I> 2 =V9 ?@>3>;>HC20;>AL CB2>@5==O 2 >AVW ?@8=F8?>2> =>2>3> 4;O =5W, 1C@6C07=>3> ?> A2>W9 ACBV >@30=0 42>?0;0B=>3> ?0@;0<5=BC. AB0BBV 91 :>=AB8BCFVW 707=0G0;>AO, I> @>AV9AL:89 =0@>4 2V4 B>4V V =0702648 1C45 <0B8 ?@02> =0@>4=>3> ?@54AB02=8FB20. >=> ?>28==> <VAB8B8AO 2 45@602=><C A59<V, O:5 1 A:;040;>AO 7 45@602FO V 42>E ?0;0B... . @V< 7030;L=>@>AV9AL:>3> ?0@;0<5=BC ?@>3>;>HC20;>AO CB2>@5==O B0: 720=8E =0<VA=8FL:8E A59<V2. !B0BBV 13, 31, 32 V 101 <VABOBL =04728G09=> >15@56=5 D>@<C;N20==O 70240=L, O:V =0 =8E ?>:;040;8AO: 3>2>@8;>AO ;8H5 ?@> A?@8O==O 7030;L=>@>AV9AL:>3> V <VAF52>3> A59<V2 V<?5@0B>@C 2 74V9A=5==V =8< 70:>=>402G>W 2;048. &8<8 ?>;>65==O<8 3>B>20 :>=AB8BCFVO @V7:> 2V4@V7=O;0AO 2V4 @0B:>3> 28:;045==O >A=>2 , 45 ?@> CG0ABL V<?5@0B>@0 2 70:>=>402AB2V =VG>3> =5 1C;> A:070=>, 0 BV;L:8 3>2>@8;>AO, I> 70:>=8 1C4CBL >13>2>@N20B8AO 2 A59<V1.&5 B@0:BC20==O @>;V =0@>4=>3> ?@54AB02=8FB20 2 #AB02=V9 3@0<>BV ?V4HB>2E=C;0 45O:8E =0C:>2FV2 4> 70?5@5G5==O, I> WW 74V9A=5==O ?@8725;> 1 4> :>=AB8BCFV9=>W
Сторінки:
1
2
3
4
5
6