Реферат - Спроби модернізації двадцятих років ХІХ століття і причини повернення до реакції.
16

2;0481. 57 AC<=V2C, >1<56CNG8 45@602=5 A202V;;O, 22>4OG8 9>3> 2 ?52=V 70:>==V @0<:8, ?@>5:B 1820 @>:C 2A5 6 715@V302 4><V=CNG5 ?>;>65==O A0<>45@602FO C 2AVE 30;C7OE 45@602=>3> 68BBO. =02VBL ?@8 2AVE =54>;V:0E #AB02=>W 3@0<>B8 , O:I> 1 2>=0 1C;0 22545=0 2 4VN, >7=0G0;> 1 =>289 5B0? 2 VAB>@VW >AVW. 2 1820 @>FV 1C;8, 74020;>AO 1, 2AV ?V4AB028 22060B8, I> F5 2V41C45BLAO 2 A0<89 A:>@VH89 G0A. >:07>< FL>3> A;C68BL 715@565=89 2 ?0?5@0E >2>AV;LF520 4>:C<5=B =0 D@0=FC7L:V9 <>2V, 7 703>;>2:>< >A2V4 22545==O 2 3@0<>BC . V= ?>28=5= 1C2, ?> ACBV, O28B8AO <0=VD5AB><, O:89 ?@>3>;>HC202 ?@> 40@C20==O V<?5@0B>@>< ?V440=8< :>=AB8BCFVW. ABC? 1C2 =0?8A0=89 =0 B><C A0<><C ?0?5@V, I> 9 @>AV9AL:89 B5:AB #AB0=>2G>W 3@0<>B8 V, 157 AC<=V2C, A:;0402AO >4=>G0A=> 7 =8<. $0:B ?V43>B>2:8 F8E 42>E 4>:C<5=BV2 4>:07CT, I> 1820 @>FV >AVO 1C;0 4V9A=> 1;87L:0 4> @50;L=>3> 22545==O, E>G0 V 2:@09 >1<565=>W, 0;5 2A5 6 B0:8 :>=AB8BCFVW2.)5 2 ;8AB>?04V 1819 @>:C >:@C3 7 3>;>2=8< <VAB>< "C;>N 1C;8 2:;NG5=V 4> 35=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@AB20 . . 0;0H520. =0:07V 2V4 19 AVG=O 1820 @>:C >DVFV9=> ?@>3>;>HC20;>AO ?@> AB2>@5==O =>2>W 04<V=VAB@0B82=>W >48=8FV. W CB2>@5==O 1C;> =0BO:>< =0 <091CB=V @5D>@<8, ?>G0B:>< O:8E V O2;O;>AO 2AB0=>2;5==O 35=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@AB20. 0;0H52 ?>28=5= 1C2 >B@8<0B8 V=AB@C:FVN, A?5FV0;L=> ?V43>B>2;5=C 4;O 35=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@0, O:C B0: V =5 >B@8<02. @>BO3>< B@L>E @>:V2, >B@8<02H8 2 C?@02;V==O ?@8=F8?>2> =>2C 04<V=VAB@0B82=C >48=8FN, 0;0H52 7<CH5=89 1C2 ?@0:B8G=> 1574VOB8. 8H5 2 15@57=V 1823 @>:C =0 9>3> V< O ?@89H>2 @5A:@8?B, O:89 =5 <VAB82 =VO:8E V=AB@C:FV9, O:V 1 4>72>;8;8 9><C 5D5:B82=> :5@C20B8 25;8:8< :@0T<. &59 @5A:@8?B ;8H5 4>72>;O2 709=OB8AO ?5@5B2>@5==O< C?@02;V==O ;8H5 2 >4=V9 3C15@=VW. 5A:@8?B 2V4?>2V402 @VHCGV9 2V4<>2V A0<>45@602AB20 2V4 :>=AB8BCFVW. !8BC0FVO, 2 O:V9 >?8=82AO 0;0H52 C A?5FV0;L=> CB2>@5=><C 35=5@0;-3C15@=0B>@AB2V, A;C68BL V;NAB@0FVTN B>3>, O: ?@>BO3>< 42>E =0ABC?=8E @>:V2 25@E>2=0 2;040 ?5@5E>48;0 2V4 2V4AB@>G>: 4> ?>2=>W 2V4<>28 2840B8 FN :>=AB8BCFVN1.;5 @>1>B0 =04 ?@>5:B>< :>=AB8BCFVW =5 1C;0 @V7:> ?@8?8=5=0. )5 45O:89 G0A ?VA;O 1820 @>:C 2>=0 ?@>4>26C20;0AO, E>G0 265 =5 =0ABV;L:8 V=B5=A82=>. >:07>< FL>3> A2V4G8BL 030;L=89 72VB ?@54<5BV2, 2E>4OG8E C B0 :=838 ?@>5:BC @30=VG=>3> @53;0<5=BC . &5 1C2 =0<V@ @>72820B8 2 ?>40;LH><C :>=AB8BCFVN H;OE>< 2840==O @30=VG=8E @53;0<5=BV2 .;5 265 2 :V=FV 1822 @>:C =0 ?>G0B:C 1823 @>:C 281V@ 1C2 7@>1;5=89 >AB0B>G=>: A0<>45@602AB2> 2V4<>28;>AO 2V4 :>@V==8E ?5@5B2>@5=L 2 ?>;VB8G=V9 AD5@V, ?>25@=C;>AO 4> ?>?5@54=L>W 157?5@A?5:B82=>W ?@0:B8:8 G0AB:>28E 7<V= V ?V4=>2;5=L VA=CNG>W A8AB5<8.;5 I> 6 2V41C;>AO? '><C ;V15@0;L=V @5D>@<8 2=CB@VH=L>3> CAB@>N 707=0;8 =5240G? 0 4C<:C @>AV9AL:>3> 4>A;V4=8:0 !. . V@>=5=:>, 74V9A=5==N =0<VG5=8E @5D>@< 7020482 A8;L=89 >?V@ ?>402;ONG>W G0AB8=8 42>@O=AB20. > ?5@5B2>@5=L ?@03=C;> 2C7L:5 ACA?V;L=5 :>;>. !5@54 ?@02;OG>W 5;VB8 ?5@5B2>@5==O< A?V2GC20;0 ;8H5 4@V1=0 G0AB8=0 28I>W 1N@>:@0BVW, E>G0 9 >G>;N20=0 F0@5<. 48=5, I> <>3;> 2 F8E C<>20E 70157?5G8B8 ?@>2545==O @5D>@<, F5 =0A8;;O C@O4C =04 A2>TN A>FV0;L=>N >?>@>N. ;5 A0<5 FL>3> =091V;LH5 1>O2AO ;5:A0=4@ , B><C V =5 =020682AO =0 WE ?@>2545==O.V4><89 @>AV9AL:89 4>A;V4=8: . . ;NG52AL:89 ?@8G8=C 157CA?VH=>ABV ?5@5B2>@5=L V<?5@0B>@0 210G02 2 WE 2=CB@VH=V9 =5?>A;V4>2=>ABV. >2V C@O4>2V CAB0=>28 1C;8 >A=>20=V =0 70:>==>ABV. ;5 ?>;>28=0 =0A5;5==O V<?5@VW 70;560;0 =5 2V4 70:>=C, 0 2V4 >A>18AB>3> A202V;;O 2;0A=8:0. "><C ?@820B=V 3@><04O=AL:V 2V4=>A8=8 =5 1C;8 ?>3>465=V 7 >A=>20<8 =>28E 45@602=8E CAB0=>2.. . @54B5G5=AL:89 4>A8BL ?>78B82=> @>73;O402 ?@03=5==O ;5:A0=4@0 4> ?5@5B2>@5=L. V= 2V4<VG02, I> =5<>6;82> @>73;O40B8 ?>;VB8:C C@O4C BV;L:8 ?> 74V9A=5=8< 70E>40<: ?>;VB8:>N B0:>6 22060;8AO 704C<0=V ?;0=8, ?@>5:B8 @5D>@<. >A;V46CNG8 ?@>5:B8 :>=AB8BCFVW >AB0==VE @>:V2 ?@02;V==O ;5:A0=4@0 , =0C:>25FL ?@03=C2 4>:070B8, I> @>AV9AL:89 C@O4 =V:>;8 =5 70;8H02 4C<:8 ?@> @5D>@<8 AB@0EVB;82>W 1C4V2;V ."8< =5 <5=H5, 2V4<>282H8AL 2V4 @5D>@<, A0<>45@602AB2> ?5@59H;> 4> @50:FVW, O:0 ?>G0;0AL =5 7 @>73@><>< ?>2AB0==O 45:01@8ABV2 2 1825 @>FV, 0 45:V;L:><0 @>:0<8 @0=VH5. !0< ;5:A0=4@ ?>G02 @50:FV9=89 :C@A, 0 8:>;0 ;8H5 9>3> ?@>4>2682. 0<VABL :>=AB8BCFVW 2V41C;0AO D0:B8G=0 ?5@540G0 2AVTW ?>2=>W 45@602=>W 2;048 2 @C:8 C;N1;5=FO F0@O @0:G5T20..8EV4 1C2 7=0945=89, 0;5 4;O V<?5@0B>@0 2V= >7=0G02 ?04V==O 2AVE =04V9. !0<5 BCB 1C2 ?>G0B>: BVTW BO6:>W 4CH52=>W :@878, O:0 >E>?8;0 9>3> 2 >AB0==V @>:8 68BBO. #2 O7=5==O 2 <VAB8F87<V, <0965 ?>2=5 2V4AB>@>=5==O 2V4 A?@02, 157@>74V;L=5 ?0=C20==O @0:G5T20 V 2 :V=FV :V=FV2 @0==O A<5@BL B0:>N FV=>N 70?;0B82 V<?5@0B>@ 70 ?V43>B>2;5=C W< ?5@5<>3C @50:FVW. >AVO 6 703C18;0 @50;L=89 H0=A @5D>@<C20B8 2V468B89 CAB@V9 V AB0B8 =0 @V25=L 7 ?5@54>28<8 45@6020<8.1 8=0520 . . @028B5;LAB25==>9 :>=AB8BCF8>=0;87< 8 ?5@54>2>5 >1I5AB25==>5 <=5=85 >AA88 2 =0G0;5 %% 2. !0@0B>2: 740B5;LAB2> !0@0B>2A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0, 1982. !. 201.2 C:>2A:0O . . 2>?@>AC > @5D>@<0B>@AL:8E ?;0=0E ;5:A0=4@0 I // 5AB=8: !0=:B-5B5@1C@3A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0. !5@8O 2. AB>@8O. K?CA: 3. !. 93.1 ;NG52AL:89 . . !>G8=5=8O. 9 B. . " 5. 1985. !. 231.2 8@>=5=:> !. . 0: >AA8O 2 =0G0;5 %I% 25:0 GCBL =5 AB0;0 :>=AB8BCF8>==>9 <>=0@E859 // AB>@8O B5G5AB20: ;N48, 8458, @5H5=8O. .: 740B5;LAB2> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. 1991. !. 266. "0< A0<>. !. 36.1 5:0 . . AB>@8O >AA88 A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5= 4> =0H8E 4=59. 8=A:: !>2@5<5==K9 ;8B5@0B>@, 2003. !. 420.2 8@>=5=:> !. . !B@0=8FK B09=>9 8AB>@88 !0<>45@6028O. >;8B8G5A:0O 8AB>@8O >AA88 I ?>;>28=0 XIX 25:0. .: KA;L, 1990. !. 37-39.1 >:@>2A:89 !. . AB>@8O >AA88 2 3 B., ". 2 !1: ><?>=, 2003. !. 350.2 8=0520 . . @028B5;LAB25==>9 :>=AB8BCF8>=0;87< 8 ?5@54>2>5 >1I5AB25==>5 <=5=85 >AA88 2

---

Сторінки: 1 2 3 4 5 6