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B5@>@C ?>2 O70=0 7 4VO;L=VABN 5A5@V2. >G0;>AO 2A5 C 1902 @>FV, :>;8 B0:89 A>1V 0;<0H>2 C182 <V=VAB@0 2=CB@VH=VE A?@02 !V?O‘V=0. #BV<, 70 @V: 4> FL>3> <>;>489 42>@O=8= 0@?>28G 70AB@5;82 <V=VAB@0 >A2VB8 >3>;T?>20. A5@8 >@30=V7C20;8 B@8 25;8:8E C182AB20 2 1903 @>FV (C B><C G8A;V 3C15@=0B>@V2 1>;T=AL:>3> V >340=>2VG0) V 420 2 1904-<C, 0 2 1905 @>FV G8A;> C182AB2 7@>A;> 4> 54. # 1906 @>FV WE 1C;> 2G8=5=> 82, 0 C 1907-<C 73. VA;O FL>3> E28;O B5@>@C ?VH;0 =0 A?04: B@8 C182AB20 2 1908-<C, 420 2 1909-<C V >4=5 2 1910-<C. 093CG=VH8< AB0;> C182AB2> A8;L=>W @C:8 @568<C, <V=VAB@0 2=CB@VH=VE A?@02 ;T25, 70AB@5;5=>3> =0 ?5B5@1C@7L:V9 2C;8FV 2 1904 @>FV. # 1905 @>FV 0;OT2 C182 25;8:>3> :=O7O !T@‘TO ;T:A0=4@>2VG0. AB0==V< C182AB2><, O:5 AB@CA=C;> >AVTN, AB02 70<0E =0 !B>;8?V=0 2 :8W2AL:><C >?5@=><C B50B@V 2 1911 @>FV. !B>;8?V= 1C2 C18B89 C65 ?VA;O B>3>, O: 1>9>20 >@30=V70FVO 5A5@V2 ?@8?8=8;0 VA=C20==O. >3> C182FO 1C2 >48=0:>< V, <>6;82>, ?>42V9=8< 035=B><. 5 @0ECNG8 >:@5<8E V=F845=BV2, ?VA;O 1911 @>:C V=482V4C0;L=89 B5@>@ ?@8?8=82AO. "@5BO, AB>A>2=> =525;8:0 E28;O B5@>@87<C ?V4=O;0AO 265 ?VA;O 70E>?;5==O 2;048 1V;LH>28:0<8 2 1917 @>FV. 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ђ@CT2. !?5@HC 2>=0 709<0;0AL 28=OB:>2> ?@>?030=4>N, 0;5 G5@57 :V;L:0 @>:V2 F5 ?V4?V;L=5 B>20@8AB2> ?5@5B2>@8;>AO C 2>T=V7>20=89 @CE, O:89 ?>T4=C202 V=482V4C0;L=89 B5@>@ V7 ?V43>B>2:>N 4> <0A>2>3> ?>2AB0==O. >2AB0==O ( ;V= 45= ) 70:V=G8;>AO ?@>20;><, ?@>B5 <0:54>=FO< ?>I0AB8;> 1V;LH5, =V6 2V@<5=0<. # =8E 1C;8 A>N7=8:8, V, >:@V< B>3>, 0:54>=VO =5 2E>48;0 4> F5=B@0;L=>W G0AB8=8 BC@5FL:>W 45@6028. ;5 2>=0 B0: V =5 74>1C;0 =570;56=>AB8: C 1912-1913 @>:0E 0:54>=VN ?>4V;8;8 <V6 @5FVTN, >;30@VTN V !5@1VTN. ?@>4>26C20;0 4VOB8 265 7 1>;30@AL:>W B5@8B>@VW, V 1030B> WW >?5@0FV9 1C;8 A?@O<>20=V ?@>B8 .3>A;02VW, 0;5 7030;>< 2>=0 AB0;0 7=0@O44O< C @C:0E G5@3>28E 1>;30@AL:8E C@O4V2. # ?5@V>4 2V4 1924 4> 1934 @>:C C <V6CA>18FOE V 7<>20E CA5@548=V 7038=C;> :C48 1V;LH5 ;N459, 0=V6 2V4 WE=VE @C: C AB0=V 2>@>3V2. >;8 2 A5@548=V 30-E @>:V2 =>289 1>;30@AL:89 C@O4 287=02 70 =5>1EV4=5 ;V:2V4C20B8 , FN >@30=V70FVN V7 ?5@2VA=>N, BVTN, I> ?>AB0;0 :V;L:0 45AOB8;VBL B><C, ?>2 O7C20;0 >4=0 ;8H =0720. !5@54 V=H8E B5@>@8AB8G=8E C3@C?>20=L, I> 4VO;8 4> 5@H>W !2VB>2>W 2V9=8, A;V4 2V47=0G8B8 ?>;LAL:8E A>FV0;VABV2 V 3@C?8, I> 4VO;8 2 5=‘0;VW. >1>E 28?04:0E 4VO;L=VABL F8E C3@C?>20=L ?@>4>26C20;0AO V ?VA;O 74>1CBBO WE=V<8 :@0W=0<8 =570;56=>AB8. 5@C 7V A2>W<8 A>@0B=8:0<8 =5>4=>@07>2> 70AC46C202 B5@>@87< 0465 4VW 15=‘0;LAL:8E 3@C?, =02VBL AB>A>2=> ;>:0;L=V, A8;L=> >B@CW;8 2V4=>A8=8 <V6 @V7=8<8 3@><040<8 V ?@8725;8 2 1947 @>FV 4> @>7:>;C =4VW. # >;LIV 70EV4=V C:@0W=FV V ?VA;O 5@H>W !2VB>2>W 2V9=8 =5 ?@8?8=O;8 1>@>BL18 FL>3> @07C ?@>B8 0@H028 7 28<>30<8 02B>=><VW, O:V :0B53>@8G=> 2V4:840;8AO. )> AB>ACTBLAO 0EV4=>W 2@>?8, B> =0?@8:V=FV %% AB>;VBBO WW 70E;8A=C;0 E28;O 28ABC?V2 0=0@EVABV2 7 WE=L>N ?@>?030=4>N 4V;>< . >42838 020H>;O, ‘NAB0 0O=0 V <V;O =@V <V6 1892 V 1894 @>:0<8 28:;8:0;8 C $@0=FVW G8<0;89 ACA?V;L=89 @57>=0=A. 8BV2:8 1><1VABV2->48=0:V2 A?V2?0;8 V7 70:;8:0<8 0=0@EVABV2 4> =0A8;LAB20, I> AB2>@8;> 2 >G0E ACA?V;LAB20 >1@07 <V6=0@>4=>W 7<>28, O:>W =0A?@024V =V:>;8 =5 VA=C20;>. 020H>;L, AB@0H5==89 <5@7>B=8: V 10=48B, C18202 18 9 C B><C 28?04:C, O:18 C $@0=FVW =5 VA=C20;> 0=0@EV7<C. 0O= 1C2 ?@54AB02=8:>< 1>35<8, 0 =@V 2@07;82>N <>;>4>N ;N48=>N, V 0=0;V7 AB0B8AB8G=8E 40=8E ?@> C@10=V70FVN C $@0=FVW %% AB>;VBBO =02@O4 G8 ?@>;820T A2VB;> =0 <>B828 WE=VE 4V9. 0A>20 A2V4><VABL, =5 =0 60@B AB@82>65=0 B0T<=8< V 70304:>28< E0@0:B5@>< 0=0@EVABAL:8E C3@C?>20=L, 22060;0 0=0@EVABV2, A>FV0;VABV2, =V3V;VABV2 V @048:0;V2 >4=>3> ?>;O O3>40<8. @54AB02=8:8
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