У нас: 141825 рефератів
Щойно додані Реферати Тор 100
Скористайтеся пошуком, наприклад Реферат        Грубий пошук Точний пошук
Вхід в абонемент


I, 2@5HBi, :>=25=Fi>=0;i7<, O: i i=4C:B82i7<, G0AB> AB8:0TBLAO 7 ?@>1;5<>N "<iD>;>3iG=>W A2i4><>ABi". 0?@8:;04, 73i4=> 7 :>=25=Fi0;i7<><, 25;8:i 2G5=i ?@8E>4OBL 4> A2>WE B5>@i9 "D0:B8G=>" 7024O:8 "7;5B>2i" A2>TW CO28. 4=0:, G><C 6 B>4i 2G5=i AB25@46CNBL, I> 2825;8 A2>W B5>@iW 7 D0:Bi2 (=0?@8:;04, I.LNB>=)? "><C :>=25=Fi>=0;iABAL:0 :>=AB@C:FiO =0C:8 G0AB> 2i4@i7=OTBLAO 2i4 @5:>=AB@C:FiW, "2;0A=>@CG=>" 74i9A=N20=>W 25;8:8<8 2G5=8<8. G5==O ?@> 28@iH0;L=C @>;L i=B5;5:BC0;L=>W i=BCWFiW <0T 2 Fi9 <5B>4>;>3iW >A=>2>?>;>6=5 7=0G5==O. @>O28 i=BCWFiW 210G0NBLAO B0< 45 @>72'O70==O ?52=>W ?@>1;5<8 2i41C20TBLAO 70 C<>2 :>;8 9>3> =5<>6;82> 1C;> >B@8<0B8 157?>A5@54=L>ЂюЯк€®¶®bіlґ®µt¶ѕуижиуиЧиЧиhc?ЏhМv”CJaJmHsHUhc?ЏhМv”CJaJhc?ЏhМv”CJ2Ђ‚ЉКЂтК 6#„&ђ)80Ц<ИAКCHHЁJєOффффффффффййййййййййййййййй$dha$gdc?Џ$dha$gdc?ЏѕэєO„RdTfTЊTђXЪZL`Te:kjp–u4zѓъ…|‰О‹Р‹ю‹вђ—ф Ю4р–хxчфч„HTV€@^Ц, |'ў,фффффффффффффффффффффффффффф$dha$gdc?Џ H;OE>< ;>3iG=>3> 28A=>2:C 7 2i4><8E 70A=>2:i2. "><C i=BCWFiN, O: ?52=C i=B5;5:BC0;L=C 4iN, 157?>A5@54=L> ?@>B8AB02;ONBL ?@>?>78Fi9=8< D>@<0< <i@:C20==O. (D0:B8 B0 C7030;L=5==O D0:Bi2 70A=>2:8-28A=>2:8 ). >=25=Fi0;iAB8 287=0NBL <>6;828< 28:>@8AB0==O ?@>B8;56=>W ?@>F54C@8: C7030;L=5==O D0:Bi2 287=0B8 70A=>2:>< 4;O 287=0G5==O A<8A;i2 i 7=0G5=L =0O2=8E D0:Bi2, O: A<8A;>?>Ei4=8E 2i4 B5>@5B8G=8E <i@:C20=L. A:i;L:8 FO "0=B8i=4C:B82=0" 4iO @>7C<C 2i41C20TBLAO 157 ?>?5@54=L>3> >1‘@C=BC20==O ?5@5B2>@5==O 28A=>2:i2 C 70A=>2:8, 2>=0 <0T E0@0:B5@ i=B5;5:BC0;L=>W i=BCWFiW. 0A=>2=8: >4=iTW 7 ?5@H8E ;>3iF8ABAL:8E B5>@i9 <0B5<0B8: LNiA 5@@>; >?C1;i:C202 42i 2i4><i :07:8 %% AB., O:i C 283;O4i A?@>I5=8E <>45;59 45<>=AB@CNBL <>6;82>ABi i=B5;5:BC0;L=>W i=BCWFiW. >73;O40NG8 :>=25=Fi>=0;L=i ?>OA=5==O @>;i i=BCWFiW 2 =0C:>2><C ?i7=0==i <>6=0 28O28B8, I> i=AB@C<5=B0;L=iABL :>=25=Fi9 =5 <0T 2>;N=B0@=>-AC1'T:B82iAL:>3> E0@0:B5@C. I=BCWFiO O: 465@5;> :>=25=Fi>=0;L=8E C3>4 @>73;O40TBLAO C 283;O4i 740B=>ABi AB2>@N20B8 A8AB5<=>-0=0;>3>289 72'O7>: <i6 ?>?5@54=i<8 (B@048Fi9=8<8) i =>2>-=01CB8<8 CO2;5==O<8, 0 =5 O: A0<>4>AB0B=O B@0=AF5=45=B=iABL. ";C<0G5==O .5@@>;>< "A8;>3VAB8:8 O: A8AB5<8 >?5@0Fi9 7 @>7?>4i;>< 70?5@5G5=L"[31.-c.64] 4>72>;OT >1‘@C=BC20B8, I> Di;>A>DAL:>->=B>;>3iG=8< 7<iAB>< ?>A;i4>2=>-;>3iG=8E <i@:C20=L <>65 1CB8 <8A;8<89 72'O7>: C <8A;8<><C A2iBi 157 2i4=>H5==O 4> >1'T:B82=>W @50;L=>ABi. @07:>< 45<>=AB@C20==O ;>3iAB8G=>ABi i=BCWFiW <>6=0 287=0B8 265 73040=i 2?@028 0=3;i9AL:>3> <0B5<0B8:0 .5@@>;0, O:i =0O2=i C 4i0;>7i :07:>28E 35@>W2 ;iA8 7 >@>;52>N: - "/, B0: 4>23> G5:0;0, I> 265 2?0;0 C 2i4G09" - :065 ;iA0. -"B65, B>1i 265 =5 B@510 ?8B8 G09" - 2i4?>2i;0 >@>;520. =0;i7CNG8 40=89 4i0;>3 10G8<>, I> FO :0;0<1C@=0 3@0 A;i2 7@>7C<i;0, E>G0 B@048Fi9=5 >7=0G5==O ?>=OBBO "2i4G09" C 2:070=><C D@03<5=Bi =01C;> 70?5@5G5==O. /:I> EB>AL 74V9A=8BL A?@>1C 2825AB8 7@>7C<i;iABL 72'O7:C 28A;>2;N20=L ;iA8 i >@>;528 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 ""5@<i=>;>3iG=89 A;>2=8:", 70:>=8 ;>3i:8, 2i4=>H5==O "AC1'T:B ?@548:0B" 28A;>2;N20==O, B> 2>=0 >1>2'O7:>2> 1C45 =5240;>N. "@048Fi9=5 >7=0G5==O A;i2 B0 ?>Ei4=5 2i4 =8E 70AB>AC20==O 2i4><8E ;>3iG=8E 70:>=><i@=>AB59 F59 4i0;>3 ?>@CHCT. B65, A;i4 287=0B8, I> 465@5;> 9>3> 7<iABC 7=0E>48BLAO 70 <560<8 B@048Fi9=>3> ;iB5@0BC@=>3> 4>A2i4C B0 ?>2'O70=>W 7 =8< B@048Fi9=>W ;>3iG=>ABi 28:>@8AB0==O ?52=8E B5@<i=i2. # 40=><C 28?04:C A5=A 72'O7:C 28A;>2;N20=L =5<>6;82> 2825AB8 7 B@048Fi9=> 2i4><8E >7=0G5=L ?>=OBL i A;i2, 1> 2i= 2?5@H5 ?@>?>=CTBLAO 4;O 28:>@8AB0==O. !?5F8Di:0 FL>3> =>2>3> 28:>@8AB0==O ?>;O30T C B><C, I> 2>=> =5 ?>B@51CT =>28E ?>OA=5=L B0 >1‘@C=BC20=L, 7024OGCNG8 D5=><5=C "A0<>7@>7C<i;>ABi". &O 7@>7C<i;iABL "i=BCWB82=> 40=0". /:I> <8 1C45<> ?@89<0B8 70?@>?>=>20=5 5@@>;>< B;C<0G5==O B5@<i=i2, B> 1C45<> @>18B8 F5 =0 ?i4AB02i "<>2G07=>W C3>48" (:>=25=FiW), ?@89<0NG8 9>3> 70 7@CG=5 B0 Fi:025. =0;i7 4>72>;OT 7@>18B8 28A=>2>:, I> 465@5;> A<8A;>-=0?>2=5=>ABi FL>3> 4i0;>3C :@8TBLAO C <>6;82>ABi 28A;>2>< >@>;528 287=0G8B8 =>289 A5=A ?>?5@54=iE A;i2 ;iA8. !0<5 FN 2;0AB82iABL >:@5<>3> CO2;5==O, 1C4C20B8 =>2i A<8A;>-A8AB5<8 7 ?>?5@54=iE CO2;5=L, :>=25=Fi0;iAB8 =07820NBL i=BCWFiTN. 0 2i4<i=C 2i4 ;>3iG=>3> i=BCWB82=5 283;O40T O: 25:B>@=> ?@>B8;56=0 @>7C<>20 ?@>F54C@0. >3iG=5 287=0G0T 2i4=>H5==O :>;8 ?5@Hi AC465==O AB0NBL 70A=>2:0<8 4> =0ABC?=8E 2B>@8==8E O: 28A=>2:i2, 0 i=BCWB82=5 - :>;8 2B>@8==5 AB0T 70A=>2:>< 4;O ?5@5>A<8A;5==O ?5@28==>3> C O:>ABi 28A=>2:C. !D5@>N 157?>A5@54=L>3> 70AB>AC20==O FiTW <5B>4>;>3iW A:;040NBL ?@>F5A8 <0B5<0B870FiW =0C:8. 8=8:0NG8 C O:>ABi <5B>4>;>3iW <0B5<0B870FiW Di78:8 (N35< [82.:32], C0=:0@5) B0 ?5@5B2>@5==O B5>@5B8G=>W Di78:8 =0 A0<>ABi9=C A:;04>2C Di78G=>W =0C:8, :>=25=Fi>=0;i7< ?>H8@82AO C AD5@C 3C<0=iB0@=8E =0C: (<>2>7=02AB20 94C:528G, ?>;iB>;>3iW - >??5@, ;>3i:8 - C09=). 3. $0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7<. $0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7< [82.:33] 28=8: 2=0A;i4>: 5?iAB5<>;>3iG=>W :@8B8:8 i=4C:B82i7<C, O:0 >?8@0;0AL =0 B57C, I> >1842i 9>3> DC=40<5=B0;L=i ?5@54C<>28 (0 A0<5: I> D0:BC0;L=i AC465==O <>6CBL 1CB8 "282545=i" 7 D0:Bi2, I> iA=CNBL >1‘@C=B>20=V i=4C:B82=i (i7 7<iAB><, I> 71i;LHCTBLAO] 28A=>2:8) A0<i T =54>2545=8<8 i =02iBL E81=8<8. 025@H5=C D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=iAL:C <5B>4>;>3iN 70?@>?>=C202 .>??5@, O:89 28:>@8AB>2CNG8 >1‘@C=BC20==O ?@8=F8?C "D0;;i1i;i7<C" @>73>@=CB5 '.i@A><, >13@C=BC202 <5B>4>;>3iG=C ?@>F54C@C 2AB0=>2;5==O E81=>ABi B5>@iW =0 >A=>2i 28:>@8AB0==O modus tollens [82.:25.-A.92-105]. !8AB5<0B8G=> 28:;045=0 <5B>4>;>3iO D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7<C O2;OT A>1>N ?52=89 20@i0=B :>=25=Fi>=0;i7<C, 3>;>2=>N B57>N O:>3> T 4>72i; ?@89<0B8 70 C3>4>N ?@>AB>@>2>-G0A>2i >48=8G=i "1078A=i B25@465==O", 0:Ai><0B8:C, >7=0G5==O B5@<i=i2, ?>ABC;0B8 B0 ?@8=F8?8, 0 =5 ?@>AB>@>2i C=i25@A0;L=i B5>@iW, I> ?@5B5=4CNBL =0 @>;L "T48=>3> iAB8==>3> 2G5==O". $0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7< 287=0T, I> "4>;O :>6=>W =0C:>2>W B5>@iW G8 :>=F5?FiW 7025@HCTBLAO WW A?@>ABC20==O<". &O B570 2i4?>2i40T >A=>2>?>;>65==O< D0;;i1i;i7<C - "B5>@iO, :>=F5?FiO, 3i?>B570 ?>28==0 A<i;82> 52>;NFi>=C20B8 4> A2>3> A?@>ABC20==O". 3i4=> D0;LDi:0Fi>=i<C, 45O:0 B5>@iO T =0C:>2>N ;8H5 2 B><C 28?04:C, :>;8 2>=0 <>65 1CB8 ?@82545=>N C 7iB:=5==O 7 O:8<-=51C4L 1078A=8< B25@465==O< ?@> 5<?i@8G=89 AB0= @5G59, i B5>@iO ?>28==0 2V4:840B8AL, O:I> 2>=0 AC?5@5G8BL 5<?i@8G=i9 ?5@52i@Fi ?@89=OB>3> 1078A=>3> B25@465==O. >??5@ [82.:34] 287=0G82 I5 >4=C C<>2C, O:C ?>28==0 704>2>;L=OB8 B5>@iO, I>1 @0EC20B8AL =0C:>2>N: 2>=0 ?>28==0 ?5@5410G0B8 D0:B8, :>B@i T =>28<8, B>1B> =5>Gi:C20=8<8 7 B>G:8 7>@C i=H>3> 7=0==O. 8AC=5==O =5D0;LA8Di:>20=8E B5>@i9 01> ad hoc 3i?>B57 (O:i =5 40NBL =>28E 5<?i@8G=8E ?5@5410G5=L) AC?5@5G8BL =0CFi O: 4iO;L=>ABi, I> 70157?5GCT "7@>AB0==O" 7=0==O. "><C, =0C:>20 4iO;L=iABL ?>;O30T 2 A8AB5<0B8G=i9 :@8B8Fi B0 2i4:840==i =0O2=8E B5>@i9. 87=0G0NG8 <iAF5 <5B>4>;>3iW D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7<C 2 7030;L=><C ?@>F5Ai =0C:>2>3> ?>ABC?C <>6=0 >1‘@C=BC20B8 B57C, I> FO
Сторінки: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9