Реферат - Фiлософiя науки як об'єкт дослiдження
28

<5B>4>;>3iO T D>@<0 AB2>@5==O @>728=CB>W =0C:>2>W B5>@iW. IAB>@8G=>, D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7< 28=8:0T O: A?@>10 28@iH8B8 ?@>1;5<C 287=0G5==O ":@0I>W" B5>@iW A5@54 iA=CNG>W <=>68=8 :>=25=Fi>=0;L=> AD>@<C;L>20=8E. A:i;L:8 <=>68=0 B0:8E B5>@i9, 73i4=> 7 ?@8=F8?>< @5:C@5=B=>ABi, <>65 A?8@0B8AO =0 >48= i B>9 A0<89 "@O4" 5<?i@8G=8E D0:Bi2, 5?iAB5<>;>3iG=> CAi B5>@iW @i2=>7=0G=i. "><C .>??5@, 287=0NG8 A515 ?>A;i4>2=8:>< 45O:8E i459 C0=:0@5, 70?@>?>=C202 ?@>F54C@C 2i4:840==O B5>@i9 70 4>?><>3>N WE A8AB5<0B8G=>3> A?@>ABC20==O. /: 28O28;>AO, i45O A?@>ABC20==O B5>@iW D0;LA8Di:0FiTN AB0;0 >A=>2>?>;>65==O< =>2>W <5B>4>;>3iW, I> 287=0G0T C<>28 "@>ABC =0C:>2>3> 7=0==O", 0 =5 9>3> A8AB5<0B870B>@AL:>W >1@>1:8. >??5@i2AL:0 454C:B82=0 <>45;L =0C:>2>W :@8B8:8 <iAB8BL Bi;L:8 5<?i@8G=> D0;LA8Di:>20=i ?@>AB>@>2>-G0A>2i C=i25@A0;L=i AC465==O (B5>@iW), 28Ei4=i C<>28 i WE =0A;i4:8. =0@O44O< :@8B8:8 T modus ponendo tollens: @>7@i7=NNG89 - :0B53>@8G=89 28A=>2>:, I> 28=8:0T :>;8 =0O2=0 ?5@H0 ?>A8;:0 C 283;O4i 45<0@:CNG>3> AC465==O i 4@C30 - ?>78B82=> 287=0G0T >48= i7 G;5=i2 45<0@:CNG>3> AC465==O, G8< 70?5@5GCT 4@C389 (" 01> , 01> !"). ;O >??5@0 0:AV><0B8G=> >1‘@C=B>20=V 28A;>2;N20==O "<0B5<0B8G=0 B5>@iO", "Di;>A>DAL:0 B5>@iO", "B5>@iO ;>3i:8" T ?@8=F8?>2> =5=0C:>28<8 (<5B0Di78G=i), 1> O2;ONBL A>1>N 7@07>: C=i25@A0;L=>3> AC465==O B8?C ad hoc, I> =5 D0;LA8Di:CTBLAO. AB0==T 206;82> ?0<'OB0B8 >A:i;L:8 <0T ?>H8@5==O B>G:0 7>@C, O:0 2i4=>A8BL 9>3> 2A5A2iB=L> 2i4><>3> CG=O <0B5<0B8:0 I.0:0B>A0 4> ?@54AB02=8:i2 D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7<C. 4=0:, 0:0B>A ?>ABi9=> ?@03=5 289B8 70 <56i ?@>AB>@>2>-G0A>28E B5>@i9. $0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7< 2 A2>T<C ?5@28==><C 20@i0=Bi ?@89<0T i=4C:B82iABAL:5 ?>;>65==O - ?@> 4>2545=iABL AC465=L D0:B0<8 i ?@> =54>2545=iABL B5>@i9. "><C 2 ?5@H><C ":>=25=Fi>=0;iABAL:><C" 20@i0=Bi D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7< 28<0302 45O:>3> (?>70<5B>4>;>3iG=>3>) "i=4C:B82=>3> ?@8=F8?C" 4;O B>3>, I>1 =040B8 5?iAB5<>;>3iG=>W 2038 9>3> @iH5==O< A;i4 ?@89<0B8 Bi G8 i=Hi "1078A=i" B25@465==O O: 2i4?>2i4=i D0:B0<. 3>4><, ?iA;O @>73>@B0==O :@8B8:8 iAB>@8F8AL:>3> <iDC ?@> A?@O<>20=iABL i B5;5>;>3iG=iABL iAB>@8G=8E ?>4i9 45B5@<i=>20=8E 7030;L=8<8 70:>=0<8, I> 287=0G0NBL Di=0;L=89 AB0=, D0;LA8Di:0FiO ?@89<0TBLAO O: T48=89 45<0@:0B>@. 025@H5=89 D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7< 2i4<>2;OTBLAO 2i4 0=0;i7C 2i4=>H5==O "D0:B-B5>@iO" 22060NG8 70 3>;>2=89 ?@54<5B A2>3> 4>A;i465==O 0=B8-i=4C:B82=5 2i4=>H5==O "B5>@iO-D0:B", I> Di:ACTBLAO ?>=OBBO< "3i?>B5B8:>-454C:B82=0 B5>@iO" [82.:35. -A.26-30]. 7i@FO<8 D0;LA8Di:>20=8E B5>@i9 22060NBLAO B5>@iW LNB>=0, 0:A25;;0, "?>E>465==O 284i2" 0@2i=0, D>@<C;8 5;5O-6i=A0 i i=0, Di78:0 9=HB59=0, WE C;N1;5=i ?@8:;048 28@iH0;L=8E 5:A?5@8<5=Bi2 - F5 5:A?5@8<5=B 09:5;LA>=0->@;i, 5:A?5@8<5=B 44i=3B>=0, ?>2'O70=89 i7 70B5<=5==O< !>=FO, B0 5:A?5@8<5=B8 N<'T@0 i @i=3>359<0. 6.30AAi [82.:25.-A.136-154] A?@>1C202 ?5@5B2>@8B8 D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7< 2 7025@H5=C =5AC?5@5G;82C A8AB5<C. >:@5<0, 2i= 4>2i2, I> 70 :>6=8< A5@9>7=8< 5:A?5@8<5=B0;L=8< 2i4:@8BBO< AB>WBL B5>@iO, :>B@i9 F5 2i4:@8BBO AC?5@5G8BL; I> 7=0G5==O D0:BC0;L=>3> 2i4:@8BBO =5>1Ei4=> 28<i@N20B8 7=0G5==O< BiTW B5>@iW, :>B@C 2>=> A?@>AB>2CT. 30AAi ?>3>46CTBLAO 7 BiTN >Fi=:>N "28@iH0;L=>3> 5:A?5@8<5=BC", :>B@C =0C:>25 A?i2B>20@8AB2> 40T B0:8< D0:BC0;L=8< 2i4:@8BBO<, O: 2i4:@8BBO 0;L20=i, @AB540, @iAB;i, 5=B35=0 B0 5@F0; >4=0: 2i= 70?5@5GCT "<iD" ?@> B5, I> F5 1C;8 28?04:>2i 2i4:@8BBO (O: G0AB> :06CBL ?@> G>B8@8 ?5@H8E) 01> 2i4:@8BBO, I> ?V4B25@46CNBL Bi G8 i=Hi B5>@iW (O: A?>G0B:C 4C<02 5@F ?@> A2>T 2i4:@8BBO). 30AAi ?@89H>2 4> 28A=>2:C: 2Ai ?'OBL 5:A?5@8<5=Bi2 1C;8 CA?iH=8<8 A?@>ABC20==O<8 (D0;LA8Di:0FiO<8) - 2 45O:8E 28?04:0E =02iBL 704C<0=8<8 O: A?@>ABC20==O - B5>@i9, :>B@i =0C:>25FL ?@03=C2 28O28B8 i :>B@i 2 1i;LH>ABi 28?04:i2 4i9A=> 2i= 220602 28O2;5=8<8. I=B5@=0;iAL:C iAB>@iN 2 @>7C<i==i ?>??5@i0=Fi2 ;53:> 4>?>2=8B8 5:AB5@=0;iAL:8<8 B5>@iO<8 7>2=iH=L>W iAB>@iW. "0:, >??5@ 220602, I> (7 ?>78B82=>3> 1>:C) /1/ 3>;>2=i 7>2=iH=i AB8<C;8 AB2>@5==O =0C:>28E B5>@i9 28E>4OBL 7 =5=0C:>2>W "<5B0Di78:8" i =02iBL 7 <iDi2 (?i7=iH5 F5 1C;> ?@5:@0A=> ?@>i;NAB@>20=> >9@5), i I> (7 =530B82=>3> 1>:C) /2/ D0:B8 =5 O2;ONBL A>1>N B0:i 7>2=iH=i AB8<C;8: D0:BC0;L=i 2i4:@8BBO =0;560BL 4> @O4C :>3=iB82=8E 0:Bi2, 2>=8 28=8:0NBL O: A?@>ABC20==O 45O:>W =0C:>2>W B5>@iW, i AB0NBL ?><iB=8<8 ;8H5 2 B><C 28?04:C, :>;8 2ABC?0NBL 2 :>=D;i:B 7 45O:8<8 ?>?5@54=i<8 >Gi:C20==O<8 2G5=8E. 1842i Fi B578 O2;ONBL A>1>N =0@i6=i :0<5=i 5?iAB5<>;>3iW D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7<C. i7=iH5 .$595@015=4 @>728=C2 4@C3C B57C, 0 A0<5 - "H284:5 71i;LH5==O B5>@i9 <>65 7>2=iH=i< G8=>< AB8<C;N20B8 2=CB@iH=i9 ?@>F5A D0;LA8Di:0Fi9" [26.-A.6.]. B65, B5>@iW, O:i 4>?>2=NNBL D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7<, =5 ?>28==i >1<56C20B8AL @>73;O4>< 28:;NG=> i=B5;5:BC0;L=8E ?@>F5Ai2, I> ?i7=iH5 AB0;> >A=>2>N i=H>W <5B>4>;>3iW - iAB>@87<C. 30AAi ?i4:@5A;N202, I> D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7< =5 2 <5=Hi9 <i@i, 0=i6 i=4C:B82i7<, AC<VI0TBLAO 7 2C;L30@=>-<0@:A8ABAL:8< ?>3;O4>< ?@> 2?;82 7>2=iH=iE D0:B>@i2 =0 =0C:>289 ?@>3@5A. B48=0 2i4<i==iABL C FL><C 2i4=>H5==i <i6 i=4C:B82i7<>< B0 D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7<>< ?>;O30T 2 B><C, I> 4;O ?5@H>3> "7>2=iH=O" 5:AB5@=0;iAL:0 iAB>@iO ?>28==0 ?>OA=8B8 2i4:@8BBO D0:Bi2, B>4i O: 4;O 4@C3>3> 2>=0 ?>28==0 ?>OA=8B8 28=0Ei4 B5>@i9. iD>;>3iG=0 A2i4><iABL AB2>@NT @O4 >:@5<8E ?@>1;5< 4;O D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7<C. 0?@8:;04, G><C 45O:i 2G5=i 22060NBL 28@iH0;L=i 5:A?5@8<5=B8 A:>@iH5 ?>78B82=8<8 B0 25@8Di:0Fi9=8<8, 0=i6 =530B82=8<8 i D0;LA8Di:0Fi9=8<8? >??5@ 4;O 28@iH5==O F8E ?@>1;5< @>7@>182 :>=F5?FiN "B@L>E A2iBi2", I> ?>OA=NT 2i4<i==iABL >1'T:B82=>3> 7=0==O (2 9>3> "B@5BL><C A2iBi") i ?5@5:@CG5=8E 2i4>1@065=L FL>3> 7=0==O 2 i=482i4C0;L=i9 A2i4><>ABi. 02iBL ?@89<0NG8 D0;;i1i;iAB8G=5 B;C<0G5==O =0C:8 O: 157?5@5@2=>3> ?@>F5AC @>ABC 7=0==O (?5@<0=5=B=89 @CE 2i4 ?>OA=5==O 4> ?>OA=5==O, 2i4 3i?>B578 4> 3i?>B578, 2i4 ?@>1;5<8 4> ?@>1;5<8) =5<>6;82> C=8:=CB8 ?8B0==O ?@> @>;L 4>2545==O 2 =0CFi. "0:, O:I> @>73;O40B8 D0;LA8Di:0FiN O: 465@5;> =0C:>2>ABi, B>4i B@510 4>2>48B8, I> <8 27030;i 740B=i I>AL >AB0B>G=> D0;LA8Di:C20B8 (4>25AB8 D0:B A?@>ABC20==O). >B@510 C 74i9A=5==i B0:>3> 4>2545==O 28:;8:0=0 ?>ABi9=>N 703@>7>N 2iG=>3> @53@5AC 4C@=>W =5A:i=G5=>ABi, I> AB2>@NT C<>28 4;O AC<=i2C 2 =0O2=>ABi A0<>3> D0:BC iA=C20==O A0<>4>AB0B=L>W D0;LA8Di:0FiW, O: F5 1C;> 283>;>H5=> I.0:0B>A>< [82.:33]. @>1;5<0 4>2545==O =09A;01:iH89 ?C=:B FiTW <5B>4>;>3iW. 0?5@5G8B8 D0;LA8Di:0Fi>=i7< O: ?@8=F8?>2> ?><8;:>2C

---

Сторінки: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9