2. Питання до тексту підручника «Fundamentals of Petroleum» ст.5, 137-139

p.5

1. Our nation cannot live without energy.

Why is oil considered to be the product of petroleum industry people cannot live without?

2. Oil and natural gas provide about 70 percent of the energy used in the United States.

How essential is the percentage of oil and gas energy used in the USA?

3. Because of its importance, people directly related to and affected by this industry should know more about it. The better people understand the petroleum industry, the greater the chances are for making the proper decisions toward solutions to our energy problems.

Why is the understanding of the petroleum industry significant for making the proper decisions toward solutions to our energy problems?

4. The petroleum industry is a leader in developing and applying advanced technology.

What makes the petroleum industry to be the leader in developing and applying advanced technology?

5. The Association of Desk and Derrick Clubs recognizes the need for a better understanding of this complex and diversified technology and endorses Fundamentals of Petroleum, which is dedicated to individuals seeking knowledge of the petroleum industry.

For whom is the book Fundamentals of Petroleum, written by the members of the Association of Desk and Derrick Clubs dedicated?

6. Designed for both the professional and layperson as a basic guide to the practical aspects of the petroleum industry, this book is intended to be used by the association as a primary text for training in house, in colleges, and through correspondence courses. It is also intended to serve as an educational tool for allied industries, as well as professional and governmental agencies. It provides a basic discussion of the petroleum industry from geology through exploration, drilling, production, transportation, refining and processing, and marketing.

What is the practical use of this basic guide, established by the Association of Desk and Derrick Clubs?

7. Desk and Derrick is a unique organization of approximately ten thousand members employed in the petroleum and allied industries who are dedicated to the proposition that greater knowledge of the petroleum industry will result in greater service through job performance. Non-shareholding, noncommercial, nonprofit, nonpartisan, and non-bargaining in its policies, the organization has very positive concepts on the value of education for women.

What type of organization is the Association of Desk and Derrick Clubs? In what ways does its activity influence both on the professionals and laypersons?

p.137

Subsurface Hydraulic Pumps

8 A third pumping system is hydraulic pumping. Hydraulic pumping is similar to beam pumping in that an engine on the surface powers a pump in the hole, but it uses hydraulic energy, or the energy of a flowing liquid, to make the pump work instead of sucker rods.

What are the basic principles of the hydraulic pump in use?

9. Because the hydraulic pump does not use sucker rods, it is less complicated to service than the mechanical system, but the pump wears out easily due to erosion.

What are the reasons for being the hydraulic pump less complicated to service than the mechanical system?

10. Another advantage is that hydraulic pumps can work in deeper wells than sucker rod pumps.

Can the ability of the hydraulic pumps to work in deeper wells be treated as an advantage?

11. A hydraulic system actually has two pumps: an ordinary electric or engine-driven pump on the surface to force a liquid, called the power fluid, down the hole, and a hydraulic pump at the bottom of the well that the power fluid runs.

What are two main components of the hydraulic system and what are their principles of work?

12. One type of hydraulic system recycles crude oil pumped from the reservoir into a settling tank on the surface as the power fluid.

How does the first type of the hydraulic system operate?

13. Another type is a closed system that uses treated water as the power fluid, which is kept separated from the produced oil.

What is the basic principles and functions of the second, closed system type?

p.138

Gas-Lift

14. The term gas lift covers a variety of methods by which a gas is used to increase the production of a well or to restore production to a well that has stopped flowing – a dead well.

What is the purpose of using the gas-lift method in increase of the well production?

15. When a well flows on its own, it may be using a natural form of gas-lift – dissolved-gas drive or gas-cap drive.

What are the necessary conditions for using a natural form of gas-lift to increase the well production?

16. The completion crew installs gas-lift valves on the production tubing. The valves allow a gas to be forced into the annulus to pass into the tubing and into the liquid there.

What are the functions of gas-lift valve installed by the completion crew on the production tubing?

17. To understand the principle of gas lift, recall that gas is lighter than oil and water. For example, 1 gallon (1 cubic metre) of