У нас: 141825 рефератів
Щойно додані Реферати Тор 100
Скористайтеся пошуком, наприклад Реферат        Грубий пошук Точний пошук
Вхід в абонемент





РПаЎ±б>юяФЦюяяяРСТУяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяямҐБ`рї+bjbjж‡ж‡Т„н„н‚rяяяяяя¤¬¬¬¬ьььФ7Ф7Ф7Ф7d88¤±_tи8и8и8и8и89<9<9<Ь^Ю^Ю^Ю^Ю^Ю^Ю^$%ahЌc ]%dь] 9<9<§P9<9<9<9<9<__—P9<9<9<±_9<9<9<9<Д,Ф7Ф7¬¬¬¬¬¬яяяя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i; 3) Ne.V. ><0H=T 70240==O.§ 7 2H 41-45. AB>@. 39.:A835= V !C;LDC@1. /:0 5;5:B@>==0 D>@<C;0 0B><0 :A835=C?a) 1s22s226; 1) Is22s22p5; 2) 1s22s22p4; r) 1s22s22p63s23p4./:I> 0B>< !C;LDC@C ?5@51C20T C 71C465=><C AB0=V, B> 5;5:B@>=8 B@5BL>3> H0@C <>6CBL @>7<VIC20B8AO =0: 0) @ V d >@1VB0;OE; 1) s, @ V d >@1VB0;OE; 2) s.i d >@1VB0;OE; 3) s, @ V f >@1VB0;OE.3. # O:V9 A?>;CFV ABC?V=L >:8A;5==O :A835=C +2?a)Na2O2; 1)2; 2)123; r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


Сторінки: 1 2 3 4 5 6