У нас: 141825 рефератів
Щойно додані Реферати Тор 100
Скористайтеся пошуком, наприклад Реферат        Грубий пошук Точний пошук
Вхід в абонемент





РПаЎ±б>юяceюяяяbяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяямҐБq`"рї°~bjbjqPqP.‚::X8яяяяяя¤мммммммddddpД¶ђђђђђkkk7999999$zhвv]!мkkkkk]ммђђЫ~kNмђмђ7k7ммђ„p†‘п;ЊИd№<7”0ДXх"XXм kkkkkkk]]kkkДkkkkdddммммммяяяя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‘@C=B>2CT ?>;VB8G=C 9 ?A8E>;>3VG=C <>B820FVN A2>3> 704C<C. "!B0BBV, ?@8A2OG5=V @>71>@>2V "!=C" B0 "02:07C", - =03>;>HCT 2V=, - O 402 =03>;>2>: ""5<=5 F0@AB2>". !59 =03>;>2>: 28?;820T 7 A0<>W ACBV 4V;0. > 9 A?@024V 2 B8E 42>E ?>5<0E A?8A02 ?>5B :0@B8=C 25;8:>3> F0@AB20 - @>AV9AL:>3>, B>3> F0@AB20 BL<8 (?V4:@5A;5==O .$@0=:0 - ..), I> 4028BL #:@0W=C, I> 01A>;NB87<>< V A0<>2>;5N F0@AB20 B0 G8=>2=8:V2 4028BL V ?CB0T =5 BV;L:8 4V;0, 0;5 =02VBL 4C<:8 B0 7<030==O :>6=>W 2V;L=>W >48=8FV" [9, !.17]. @> B@0=AD>@<0FVN 73040=8E B2>@V2 C D>@<0BV @><0=C "0@0A>2V H;OE8 .20=5=:> =0<8 1C;> 7@>1;5=5 >:@5<5 4>A;V465==O [3].@8 @>73;O4V F8E B2>@V2 .$@0=:> 725@B0T 7=0G=C C203C =0 ?>5B8:C, 70 4>?><>3>N O:>W 02B>@ >?8ACT B0:5 B5<=5 F0@AB2> . "> 2V= C ?0D>A=V9 D>@<V 28@060T A2>N ;N1>2 4> C1>3>W #:@0W=8, 4> 7=54>;5=8E =0@>4V2, B> 9>3> 3=V2=0 V=25:B820 70AC46CT ;8E>4V9AB2> F0@AL:8E A0B@0?V2. 4=5 A;>2>, A0<5 F59 "28A>:89 ?0B@V>B87< 28;82AO >3=5==8< A;>2><" V 28@07=8< "72>@>B>< 4> @50;V7<C". FL>3> 284=>, I> 2 >FV=FV "B5<=>3> F0@AB20" >1@07=> (52G5=:> 4>AO3 VAB>@8G=>W 9 5AB5B8G=>W ?@0248, I> 2 ?5@HC G5@3C ?5@5410G0NBL 70:>=8 68BBT?8A=>3> 60=@C.5 :>6=><C =0C:>2FN I0AB8BL ?>:070B8 ?>T4=0==O 2 >A>1V ?8AL<5==8:0 ?@>@>:0 V <8BFO. "8< ?>E20;L=>, I> .$@0=:C 240;>AO F5 74V9A=8B8. # 73040=V9 AB0BBV ?@> ?>5<8 "!>=" V "02:07" 2V= ?@>AB5682 O: <09AB5@=VABL >170@O =040B8 A2>W< B2>@0< 28A>:89 @V25=L VAB8=8 V :@0A8, B0: V ?>40B8 682V


Сторінки: 1 2 3