The losses among old native words in the English language - ME yereday (Jahrestag; anniversary < ME); lyft, lyft, lift, left (Luft: air < ME eyr, ay(e)r, air), swefl (Schwefel; sulphur, sulfur

Реферат - The losses among old native words in the English language

ME yereday (Jahrestag; anniversary < ME); lyft, lyft, lift, left (Luft: air < ME eyr, ay(e)r, air), swefl (Schwefel; sulphur, sulfur < ME soufre/sulphe(e)re); dre, der, ME edre, adre (Ader; ME vein), stemn, stefn, ME steven(e) (Stimme; voice < ME vois, voys); br de, ME brede(n), brade(n) (Braten; a roast, roasted (or grilled) meat < ME rost(ed) mete/ftessh), senep (Senf; mustard), ofet(t), EME oft (Obst, LG/ /; ME fruit), cirse (Kirsche; cherry < ME cheri(e), chiri(e)), leax/l x (Lachs; salmon < ME saumoun , samon); bocst f, EME bocstaf (beside staff) (Buchstabe; letter < ME / lettre), bibtio (< Lat), EME bibliotece (Bibliothek; library < ME librarie), teld (Zelt; tent < ME tente), ME heved toun(Hauptstadt; capital < ME capital cite (beside chef toun and chef cite)); size (Sieg; victory < ME viciorie), frid, fri(o)du, freopu, ME freop, frith (Frieden; peace < ME pais, Pes/pees, beside ME grith < LOE zrip < ON, ME seht -, sahtnesse < ON, ME sibbe < OE sib(b)), here, ME fer(e) (Heer; army < LME arme(e), beside ME host, (h)oost < OF, and (less frequently) ME ferde < OE fi(e)rd/fyrd, Angl fe(o)rd), h le(d) (MHG heft, Held; hero); r d/red, ME red (Rat; counsel, advice < ME counse(i)l,avys/avis/advys/advise) ,dom, ME doom ('Urteil'; ME jugement),forbod (Verbot;prohibition < ME prohibicioun); zebed, ME bed(e) (surviving in ModE bead) (Gebet; prayer); wbreca, -bryca, EME eu-brekere, -br che (Ehebrecher; adulterer < EME adulter), w-bryce, EME eu-bruche (Ehebruch; adultery < ME adultrie, adultery, beside spousebreche); (ze-pyld (Geduld; patience < ME patience), ME unwitenesse (Unwissenheit; ignorance); sidu (Sitte; custom < ME custume, costom), ze-weald, on-, an-weald, EME an-, onwald, etc. (Gewalt; power < ME poer,power(e)); ME for(e)del (Vorteil; advantage < ME avantage, a(d)vauntage), ME after-del (Nachteil; disadvantage < ME disavauntage); earm (mother's brother, as against OE f dera 'father's brother'), ME em (Oheim; uncle < ME unkel, uncle), yrfe-, rfe-numa, EME irve-, arf, erve-name (Erbnehmer, Erbe; heir < ME eir, eyr, heyr); scyldiza (beside zyltend, ME giltere, etc.) (Schuldiger; debtor < ME dettour), zisl (ON gisl), EME glsel (Geisel; hostage < ME (h)ostage), forezenza, EME for(e)-gengel (Vorganger; predecessor < ME predecessour), fterzenza, EME aftergenge(l), ME after-comer (Nachfolger, Nachkomme; successor, descendant < ME successour, etc.), ME god-doer, good-doer (Wohltater; benefactor < ME benefetour, benefacto(u)r), EME r desmen, redesmen (Ratsleute, Ratgeber; adviser(s) post-ME, counsellor(s) < ME conse(i)ler/counseiler), ME domes-man ('Richter'; judge < ME iuge, justice < ME iustise, justyce, etc.), (ceap-, cyp-man, ME chapman (Kaufmann; merchant < ME marcha(u)nt, etc.), heretoza, EME hertoze (Herzog; ME ledere of pe (h)oost , ME duk/duc/duik/deuk, etc. > MedE duke), underpeodda, ME underling, etc. (Untertan; subject < ME suget/subject), leode/liode, ME leode/ledes, etc. (Leute; people < ME puple, peple), boda, <pl> bodan, ME bode (Bote; messenger < ME messager, massagere, messenger, messanger, messynger), and others. Compare Middle English instances like:

(29) i am twelve zer of elde

(30) he scarsly fyve yeer was of age

31)fleod pa fuzeles feor i(n) pan luft e (var pa lifte)

32)fowles ftow furth in the ayre

33)pa wunede (lived) abram in welde and in frid (a 1325)

34) ne breac (broke) na man his frid

35) Metridas braak pe pees (a 1387]

36) God drouned pe king with all his her (a 1400)

he and all his (h)oste ware drouned hie askeden here godes (their Gods') red he asked of hem counseile and her aduys thus the bataille was grete and oftsydes (often) that one party was at fordele and anone at an afterdele (a 1470) Phelip was Aristobolus his eme and unkel (a 1387) him of hem zisles y shal zyue to thin aftircomers alle thes regiouns he sende his boden to Belin Edmunde sent his messengers Until pe ebbe a stounde they bod (waited) We zeued (give) unede for his luue a stuche (OE stycce, cogn w HG Stuck) of ure brerde (bread) (a 1225) a pece of breid (bread)

The list of obsolete Old English adjectives includes for example earm, EME rm/arm (arm; poor < ME pov(e)re, poure, etc.; miserable, unfortunate); feondlic, EME fendli(ch) (feindlich; hostile, inimikal); ME fleting(flussig, fleissend;liquid < ME liquyd), frem(e)de, ME fremed, fremd, etc. (fremd; foreign < ME forein, etc.; strange < ME straunge; alien < ME alien), cp also ME frem(e)d(Fremder; a stranger ME straunge(r), foreigner < ME forein(er); an alien (cf ME fremed and frendes
'strangers and relatives`); Angl sceone/scene, ME sheene (schon; beautiful < ME bewteful, etc.); anmod (einmutig; unanimous (18th c.)), lonzmod(langmutig; patient ME pacient ),and so on.

Compare the following Middle English examples:

of fremde land; of forein londes sholen 5e here ne fremed god bid saltou (shalt thou) noght
(51)pou schalt not haue alien goddis bifore me

Among the Old English verbs replaced in Middle English or post-Middle English times by Romance loans there are for example: br dan/bredan, ME brede(n) (braten; roast < ME roste(n); fry < ME frie(n);broil < ME broile(n)); smidian, ME smythe(n) (schmieden; forge < ME forge(n)); dynzan, ME dunge(n) (dungen; manure, fertilize, LME manoure(n)). ME fange(n)/fonge(n)(OE fon) (fangen; catch < ME cacche(n); capture), (a)hreddan, ME (a)redde{n) (retten;

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