У нас: 141825 рефератів
Щойно додані Реферати Тор 100
Скористайтеся пошуком, наприклад Реферат        Грубий пошук Точний пошук
Вхід в абонемент





РПаЎ±б>юяѓ…юяяяЃ‚яяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяямҐБq`"рї A8AB5<0 5;5:B@>==8E ?;0B56V2.AB0==V< G0A>< C 2AL><C A2VBV @>728B>: ?;0BV6=8E A8AB5< E0@0:B5@87CTBLAO ?>ABC?>28< 72C65==O< AD5@8 28:>@8AB0==O 3>BV2:8 B0 ?0?5@>28E ?;0BV6=8E 4>:C<5=BV2, ?5@5E>4>< 4> =>28E ?;0BV6=8E V=AB@C<5=BV2 V ACG0A=8E B5E=>;>3V9 ?;0B56V2. ;5:B@>==V 3@>HV H8@>:> 70;CG0NBLAO 4> >1V3C V AB0NBL 206;828< V=AB@C<5=B>< DV=0=A>2>W V=D@0AB@C:BC@8 5:>=><VG=> @>728=5=8E :@0W=.=0;>3VG=V ?@>F5A8 2V41C20NBLAO 9 C 10=:V2AL:V9 AD5@V #:@0W=8. A>1;82> 206;82C @>;L BCB 2V4V3@0T #. 0 =L>3> ?>:;045=> >1>2(O7>: 70157?5G8B8 =04V9=5 B0 5D5:B82=5 DC=:FV>=C20==O 7030;L=>=0FV>=0;L=>W ?;0BV6=>W A8AB5<8. V= 15@5 157?>A5@54=N CG0ABL C @>7@>1FV =>28E ?;0BV6=8E 70A>1V2 B0 >@30=V70FVW 5;5:B@>==>3> 3@>H>2>3> >1V3C =0 B5@8B>@VW #:@0W=8.5@H8< 206;828< :@>:>< =0 H;OEC 4> 5;5:B@>==>3> 3@>H>2>3> >1V3C AB0;> AB2>@5==O A8AB5< 5;5:B@>==8E <V610=:V2AL:8E ?;0B56V2 (!). &5 4>72>;8;> 2V4<>28B8AO 2V4 ?>HB>28E V B5;53@0D=8E 02V7>, 7=0G=> 71V;LH8B8 H284:VABL, O:VABL V =04V9=VABL1 2B:>=0==O ?;0B56V2, 30@0=BC20B8 157?5:C V :>=DV45=FV9=VABL 10=:V2AL:>W V=D>@<0FVW 7024O:8 70A>10< 1030B>@V2=52>3> ?@>30<=>-0?0@0B=>3>, B5E=>;>3VG=>3> V 1CE30;B5@AL:>3> :>=B@>;N, O:V 40NBL 7<>3C 2V4AB56C20B8 ?@>E>465==O ?;0B56V2 V 70?>1V30B8 A?@>10< =5A0=:FV>=>20=>3> 4>ABC?C. 0 G0A A2>3> DC=:FV>=C20==O ! ?@>45<>=AB@C20;0 4>AB0B=V9 @V25=L =04V9=>ABV V ABV9:>ABV ?@>B8 B5E=VG=8E 70A>1V2.VA;O B>3>, O: 70 4>?><>3>N ! 1C;> @>72(O70=> ?52=V ?@>1;5<8 ?;0B56V2 =0 <V610=:V2AL:><C @V2=V, 1030B> :><5@FV9=8E 10=:V2 #:@0W=8 ?>G0;8 AB2>@N20B8 V 70?@>2046C20B8 A8AB5<8 B8?C :;VT=B-10=: I>1 70157?5G8B8 >1A;C3>2C20==O :;VT=BV2 =0 ACG0A=><C B5E=VG=><C @V2=V V @>7H8@8B8 A?5:B@ 10=:V2AL:8E ?>A;C3. 8=V 70 4>?><>3>N B0:8E A8AB5< :><5@FV9=V 10=:8 >1A;C3>2CNBL 2 >:@5<8E @53V>=0E 4> 30% :;VT=BV2.0ABC?=8< 5B0?>< 2 #:@0W=V ?>28==> AB0B8 28:>@8AB0==O 5;5:B@>==8E 3@>H59 O: ?;0BV6=>3> 70A>1C 4;O <0A>28E A?>6820GV2 B>20@V2 B0 ?>A;C3. 5>1EV4=V ?5@54C<>28 4;O FL>3> 2 :@0W=V 2 >A=>2=><C AB2>@5=V. 8=V 2 #:@0W=V 265 DC=:FV>=CT :V;L:0 70?@>20465=8E 2VBG87=O=8<8 DV@<0<8 ?;0BV6=8E A8AB5< V7 28:>@8AB0==O< ?;0AB8:>28E :0@B>:, 45O:V A8AB5<8 ( 2 ?@>F5AV 2?@>20465==O. 5@54CAV< =5>1EV4=> 2V47=0G8B8 ?@>5:B, O:89 @50;V7>2CT C <VABV !;02CB8GV :8W2AL:0 DV@<0 INT (V6=0@>4=89 F5=B@ V=D>@<0FV9=8E B5E=>;>3V9). FL><C ?@>5:BV 70 107>2C 281@0=0 A8AB5<0 4515B>28E :0@B>:. # =V9 28:>@8AB>2CNBLAO A<0@B-:0@B:8 28@>1=8FB20 D@0=FC7L:>W DV@<8 Gemplus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iners Club (!(); STBCard , @54>-10=: , 5=0B5? , ?B8<C< B>I>. 0 ?>G0B:C 1996 @>:C <V6=0@>4=C ?;0BV6=C A8AB5<C Visa Internetional Service Association 1C;8 ?@89=OBV HVABL C:@0W=AL:8E 10=:V2 (, #:@5:AV<10=:, @04>10=: , @820B10=: , 20;L , 5@H89 C:@0W=AL:89 <V6=0@>4=89 10=:), 0 2 Europay Internetional ( I5 @O4 10=:V2, O:V @>7?>G0;8 28?CA: B0 >1A;C3>2C20==O ?;0AB8:>28E :0@B>: <V6=0@>4=8E A8AB5< ( 20;L , @820B10=: , 5@H89 C:@0W=AL:89 <V6=0@>4=89 10=:, #:@0W=0 , 5@:><10=: ). 09?>H8@5=VH0 >?5@0FVO ( F5 ?>A;C38, ?>2(O70=V 7 2840G5N 3>BV2:8. >:8 I> # 701>@>=82 10=:0<-=5@57845=B0< 4V9A=N20B8 >1A;C3>2C20==O 7-70 :>@4>=C 4;O 28I573040=8E A8AB5<, I> ?>2=VABN 2V4?>2V40T O: ?@028;0< F8E ?;0BV6=8E A8AB5<, B0: V =0FV>=0;L=><C 70:>=>402AB2C. !B>A>2=> >1A;C3>2C20==O :0@B>: ?;0BV6=8E A8AB5< Diners Club, JCB, American Express B0:>W 701>@>=8 =5<0T.;O AB2>@5==O 0FV>=0;L=>W A8AB5<8 <0A>28E 5;5:B@>==8E ?;0B56V2 =0A5;5==O 70 B>20@8 B0 ?>A;C38 70 4>?><>3>N ?;0AB8:>28E :0@B>: C 25@5A=V 1995 @>:C 1C;> 70A=>20=5 <V610=:V2AL:5 70:@8B5 0:FV>=5@=5 B>20@8AB2> #:@0W=AL:0 =0FV>=0;L=0 @>7@0EC=:>20 :0@B:0 (A:>@>G5=> #:@:0@B ). $C=40B>@0<8 " #:@0:0@B AB0;8 ?@>2V4=V :><5@FV9=V 10=:8 #:@0W=8 ?V4 53V4>N #. 0 AL>3>4=V :V;L:VABL 10=:V2-0:FV>=5@V2 4>AO3;0 20 V 7030;>< 2>=8 @5?@575=BCNBL <0965 95 2V4A>B:V2 10=:V2AL:>W AD5@8 #:@0W=8. 030;L=89 AB0BCB=89 :0?VB0; B>20@8AB20 AB0=>28BL ?>=04 500 B8AOG 4>;0@V2 !(.8I8< :5@V2=8< >@30=>< B>20@8AB20 T 7030;L=V 71>@8, 0 2 ?5@V>4 <V6 =8<8 ( @040 B>20@8AB20 (2 <560E A2>WE ?>2=>2065=L). 8:>=02G8< >@30=>< #:@:0>B T 9>3> 48@5:FVO, 4> AB@C:BC@8 O:>W 2E>4OBL ?V4@>74V;8, I> 2V4?>2V40NBL 70 @V7=V =0?@O<8 4VO;L=>ABV AB>A>2=> @50;V70FVW ?@>5:BC. @8 48@5:FVW B>20@8AB20 4VT B5E=VG=0 @040, I> A:;040TBLAO 7 D0EV2FV2 ( ?@54AB02=8:V2 10=:V2-0:FV=5@V2 V 28:>=CT DC=:FVW :>=AC;LB0B82=>3> >@30=C 4;O 28@VH5==O ?8B0=L B5E=VG=>W ?>;VB8:8.A=>2=8< 70240==O< " #:@0:0@B T @>7@>1:0, 2?@>20465==O V ?>40;LH0 5:A?;C0B0FVO 2 @>;V >?5@0B>@0 7030;L=>=0FV>=0;L=>W A8AB5<8 <0A>28E 5;5:B@>==8E ?;0B56V2 =0A5;5==O 70 B>20@8 B0 ?>A;C38, 0 B0:>6 AB2>@5==O =5>1EV4=>W V=D@0AB@C:BC@8 4;O >1A;C3>2C20==O :0@B>: <V6=0@>4=8E ?;0BV6=8E A8AB5< (VISA, EUROPAY, Mastercard, AMERICAN EXPRESS V 45O:8E V=H8E). @>5:B @50;V7>2CTBLAO B>20@8AB2>< C A?V2@>1VB=8FB2V 7 01V=5B>< V=VAB@V2 #:@0W=8, 0FV>=0;L=8< 10=:><, <V630;C7528< 8B< , 10=:0<-0:FV>=5@0<8 B>20@8AB20 B0 V=H8<8 70FV:02;5=8<8 >@30=V70FVO<8, A5@54 O:8E ( 45@602=V 04<V=VAB@0FVW, ?@><8A;>2V V B>@3>25;L=V ?V4?@8T<AB20 @53V>=V2. @57C;LB0BV 70?@>20465==O 0FV>=0;L=>W A8AB5<8 2 #:@0W=V 1C45 AB2>@5=0 ACG0A=0 V=D@0AB@C:BC@0


Сторінки: 1 2 3