У нас: 141825 рефератів
Щойно додані Реферати Тор 100
Скористайтеся пошуком, наприклад Реферат        Грубий пошук Точний пошук
Вхід в абонемент





РПаЎ±б>юяoqюяяяlmnяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяяямҐБq`рїЁCbjbjqPqP4T::¶яяяяяя¤vvvvvvvЉЋ$Ћ$Ћ$8Ж$4ъ$ЉВ¶b%b%x%x%x%S&ж9?<uE 5777777x]hа_B7Ev•HS&S&•H•H7vvx%x%Ы|S[S[S[•Hpvx%vx%5S[•H5S[S[±[vvЩ[x%V%р’Єш/ИЋ$RhЙ[щ[<’0ВС["`mZЋ"`Щ["`vЩ[ •H•HS[•H•H•H•H•H77ыZX•H•H•HВ•H•H•H•HЉЉЉЋ$ЉЉЉЋ$ЉЉЉvvvvvvяяяя# ! "=0 B5<C: 5@602=5 @53C;N20==O @8=:>2>W 5:>=><V:8;0=ABC?.:>=><VG=V DC=:FVW 45@6028.AB>@VO AB0=>2;5==O 45@602=>3> 5:>=><VG=>3> @53C;N20==O.1 T:B82=0 =5>1EV4=VABL 45@602=>3> @53C;N20==O 5:>=><V:8.!B@C:BC@0 <5E0=V7<C @53C;N20==O.A=>2=V <5B>48 45@602=>3> @53C;N20==O.5@602=5 @53C;N20==O 2 #:@0W=V.:>=><VG=V DC=:FVW <VAF528E >@30=V2 2;048.!?V22V4=>H5==O <V6 @8=:>28< <5E0=V7<>< V 45@602=>3> @53C;N20==O.8A=>2>:.ABC?.8A>:>@>728=5=0 @8=:>20 5:>=><V:0 F5 >?B8<0;L=5 ?>T4=0==O 70A04, ?@8B0<0==8E B>20@=><C 28@>1=8FB2C (:>=:C@5=FVO, ?>?8B V ?@>?>78FVO, 2V;L=5 FV=>CB2>@5==O), B0 FV;5A?@O<>20=>W ?>;VB8:8 45@602=>3> @53C;N20==O 5:>=><VG=8E ?@>F5AV2. 5@602=5 @53C;N20==O 4>?>2=NT @8=:>289 <5E0=V7<, I> 2 AC:C?=>ABV AB0=>28BL T48=C A8AB5<C <0:@>5:>=><VG=>3> @53C;N20==O =0@>4=>3> 3>A?>40@AB20. >728=5=0 @8=:>20 5:>=><V:0 =5 >7=0G0T O:>WAL "01A>;NB=>W A2>1>48" V "2V;L=>W 3@8" 5:>=><VG=8E A8;, I> A?@O<>2CNBLAO "=52848<>N @C:>N" A0<>@53C;L>20=>W :>=:C@5=FVW. 5>1<565=0 5:>=><VG=0 A2>1>40 VA=C20;0 ;8H5 =0 @0==VE ABC?5=OE @>728B:C B>20@=>3> 28@>1=8FB20 V D>@<C20==O @8=:>28E 2V4=>A8=, :>;8 (DC=:FV>=C20;> 157;VG ?>@V2=O=> >4=0:>28E 70 @>7<V@0<8 :0?VB0;C, ?5@5206=> 4@V1=8E V A5@54=VE ?V4?@8T<AB2, <V6 O:8<8 B>G8;0AO :>=:C@5=B=0 1>@>BL10 70 @8=>: 71CBC B>20@V2. 0 C<>2 2V;L=>W :>=:C@5=FVW @8=:>2V A8;8 ?>?8BC 9 ?@>?>78FVW AB8EV9=>, G5@57 2V;L=5 FV=>CB2>@5==O 287=0G0;8 >?B8<0;L=V ?@>?>@FVW 28@>1=8FB20 B0 9>3> 5:>=><VG=C 5D5:B82=VABL. >;>2=8<8 @53C;OB>@0<8 ACA?V;L=>3> 28@>1=8FB20 1C;8 2V;L=89 @8=>: V :>=:C@5=FVO. 5@6020 ;8H5 AB2>@N20;0 7030;L=V C<>28 4;O DC=:FV>=C20==O ?@820B=8E :0?VB0;V2. @>728B:>< 2V4=>A8= 2;0A=>ABV B0 24>A:>=0;5==O< >@30=V70FVW ACA?V;L=>3> 28@>1=8FB20 @>7H8@8;8AO AD5@0 V =0?@O<8 ?>;VB8:8 45@602=>3> 2B@CG0==O 2 5:>=><VG=V B0 A>FV0;L=V ?@>F5A8. >;>2=8< 70240==O< ?>;VB8:8 F5=B@0;V7>20=>3> 5:>=><VG=>3> @53C;N20==O AB0;> @>72'O70==O AC?5@5G=>AB59 <V6 G0AB:>2>N <>=>?>;VAB8G=>N ?;0=><V@=VABN V B>20@=8<8 2V4=>A8=0<8, O:V 70;8H0;8AO 7030;L=>N D>@<>N 5:>=><VG=8E 72'O7:V2 C ACA?V;LAB2V.;O ACG0A=8E C<>2 E0@0:B5@=V ?5@5?;5B5==O @8=:>28E 7 45@602=8<8 <5B>40<8 @53C;N20==O B0 WE ?>T4=0==O. >65= 7 =8E <0T A2>N AD5@C 70AB>AC20==O V 2V4?>2V40T ?52=8< V=B5@5A0< AC1'T:BV2 2;0A=>ABV B0 3>A?>40@N20==O. @>B5 2>=8 71V30NBLAO 2 B><C, I> V 45@6020, V @8=>: ?@82>4OBL C 2V4?>2V4=VABL G0AB:>2V ?;0=><V@=>ABV, 2;0AB82V >:@5<8< 3>A?>40@AL:8< >48=8FO<. C<>20E 28A>:>@>728=5=>W @8=:>2>W 5:>=><V:8, O:0 E0@0:B5@87CTBLAO =0O2=VABN 25;8:>W :V;L:>ABV =5 ;8H5 4@V1=8E V A5@54=VE ?V4?@8T<AB2, 0 9 25;8:8E 28@>1=8G8E :><?;5:AV2, ?@> "2V;L=C 3@C" 5:>=><VG=8E A8; =5 <>65 1CB8 9 <>28. )>4> 4V0;5:B8:8 @>728B:C 5:>=><V:8 :@0W= 0E>4C B0 52>;NFVW <5E0=V7<C WW @53C;N20==O 0<5@8:0=AL:89 5:>=><VAB . !0<C5;LA>= ?8A02, I>, <01CBL, <5@8:0 XIX AB. ?V4V9H;0 1;86G5, =V6 1C4L-O:0 V=H0 :@0W=0, 4> AB0=C laissezfaire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‘>25;L=5 C?@02;V==O AC4=>1C4V2=8:V2 B0 V=.VAF5 ?>;VB8:8 45@602=>3> @53C;N20==O 2


Сторінки: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11